It is obvious. The prevalence of diabetes and high blood pressure varies by neighbourhood in Toronto. The following maps from Ontario Community Health Profile Partnership (OCHPP) website display this geographical disparity. The maps use a colour scale; the darker the area higher the rate. We can find a clear geographical…

Look at Figure 1 Figure 1: Image source: http://www.sollis.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/equity-vs-equality.jpg In Figure 1, all three children are of equal height. But, they cannot reach the fruits, Because of, the terrain’s unequalness. They need help. But, the help each one requires is different. They need boxes of different heights. By helping them…

Those who know public health know Prof. Irving Zola‘s “upstream vs downstream” parable. Irving Zola is a medical sociologist. His friend, John McKinlay, describes Zola’s parable in his 2019 article, “A case for re-focusing upstream: The political economy of illness”1. The “Upstream boat” sails through this upstream path. Following is…